Main Article Content

Abstract

Oil prices directly impact Venezuela's circumstance due to 95% of their revenue come from oil export. Since 2013, oil prices drop significantly compared to the previous year. Thus, the crisis hits Venezuela severely. The impacts not only feel in domestic level but also in international level. China is Venezuela's bilateral partner that was impacted by the Venezuela crisis. Venezuela failed to fulfill their oil export to China to pay their loan in the oil-for-loan diplomacy scheme. Thus, their cooperation failed to fulfill the economic gain. However, China still shows the action that favorable Venezuela. Backing up non-intervention toward Venezuela in the UN, provide new loan and adjust the payment of the previous loan also diversify their investment in Venezuela. This paper argues that this action is no more for merely material gain. But it is the action that is based on the newly ideational aspect of China's foreign policy, which is the China Community of Common Destiny. Thus, this research will analyze how this rhetoric idea involves China's action towards Venezuela. Also, this research will address their relations and China's diplomatic option toward their relations with Venezuela in crisis circumstances.

Keywords

Venezuela Crisis China Cooperation Community of Common Destiny

Article Details

Author Biography

Mirah Satria Alamsyah, Shandong University

International Politics

References

  1. Agustín, Óscar García. (2016). “Venezuela and China: Independency and Dependency in the Context of Interdependent Hegemony.” Journal of China and International Relations 4 (2): 104–27. https://doi.org/10.5278/OJS.JCIR.V4I2.1591.
  2. Armas, Mayela, and Corina Pons. (2020). “Exclusive: Venezuela Wins Grace Period on China Oil-for-Loan Deals, Sources Say | Reuters.” August 12, 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-china-exclusive-idUSKCN2581UN.
  3. Axelrod, Robert, and Robert O. Keohane. (1985). “Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions.” World Politics 38 (1): 226–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010357.
  4. B. Kaplan, Stephen, and Michael A. Penfold. (2019). “China-Venezuela Economic Relations: Hedging Venezuelan Bets with Chinese Characteristics | Wilson Center.” https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/china-venezuela-economic-relations-hedging-venezuelan-bets-chinese-characteristics.
  5. Barmé, Geremie R., and Michael Szonyi. (2016). “Chinese History in the Era of the China Dream.” A Companion to Chinese History, no. November 2012: 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118624593.ch6.
  6. Briceño-Ruiz, José, and Norbert Molina Medina. (2020). “China–Venezuela Relations in a Context of Change.” In China–Latin America Relations in the 21st Century, edited by Raul, Bernal-Meza and Li Xing, 147– 68. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35614-9_6.
  7. Cheng, Joseph Y.S., and Huangao Shi. (2008). “Sino-Venezuelan Relations: Beyond Oil.” Issues and Studies 44(3): 99–147.
  8. Christopher Lamont. (2015). Research Methods in Politics and International Relations. Washington, DC: SAGE Publication Ltd
  9. Chun, Zhang. (2017). “Latin America's Oil-Dependent States Struggle to Repay Chinese Debts s – The Diplomat.” April 15, 2017. https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/latin-americas-oil-dependent-states-struggle-to-repay-chinese-debts/
  10. Ellis, Evan R. (2017). “The Collapse of Venezuela and Its Impact on the Region.” Military Review 97 (4): 22–33.
  11. Ferchen, Matt. (2020). “China-Venezuela Relations in the Twenty-First Century: From Overconfidence to Uncertainty | United States Institute of Peace.” Special Report. September 29, 2020. https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/09/china-venezuela-relations-twenty-first-century-overconfidence-uncertainty. Godoy, Johanna, and Justin Mccarthy. (2018). “Venezuelans Approval of Leadership Remains at Record Low.” 2018. https://news.gallup.com/poll/191663/venezuelans-approval-leadership-remains-record-low.aspx.
  12. Hernandez, Igor, and Francisco Monaldi. (2016). “Weathering Collapse: An Assessment of the Financial and Operational Situation of the Venezuelan Oil Industry.” Center for International Development 24 (3): 161–326
  13. IMF. (2017). “IMF Regional Economic Outlook: Western Hemisphere - Tale of Two Adjustments.” Washington D.C. : International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/REO/WH/Issues/2017/05/10/wreo0517
  14. Kremer, Michael, and Seema Jayachandran. (2002). “Odious Debt”, May. https://doi.org/10.3386/W8953. Noriega, By Roger F. (2010). “Chávez and China: Challenging U.S. Interests,” no. 3. “OPEC: OPEC Basket Price.” n.d. Accessed September 10, 2021. https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/40.htm.
  15. Palacios, By Luisa. (2016). “Venezuela's Growing Risk To The Oil Market By Luisa Palacios.” New York.
  16. Poh, Angela, and Mingjiang Li. (2017). “A China in Transition: The Rhetoric and Substance of Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping.” Asian Security 13 (2): 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2017.1286163.
  17. “Recognition of Juan Guaido as Venezuela's Interim President.” (2019). U.S Embassy in Peru. 2019. https://2017-2021-translations.state.gov/2019/02/04/recognition-of-juan-guaido-as-venezuelas-interim-president-by-several-european-countries/index.html.
  18. Ríos, Xulio. (2013). “China and Venezuela: Ambitions and Complexities of an Improving Relationship.” East Asia 2013 30:1 30 (1): 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12140-012-9185-0
  19. Rodríguez, Mariana. (2016). “Deficiencies in Basic Goods and Services More Damaging than Perceptions of Corruption to Venezuela's President Maduro.” Americas Barometer Insights: 2016. Vol. 128.
  20. Sanderson, Henry, and Michael Forsythe. (2012). China’s Superbank: Debt, Oil and Influence: How China Development Bank Is Rewriting the Rules of Finance. New York: Wiley
  21. Smith, Stephen N. (2018). “Community of Common Destiny: China's New Assertiveness and the Changing Asian Order.” International Journal 73 (3): 449–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702018790278.
  22. Tiezzi, Shannon. (2019). “China's Venezuela Headache – The Diplomat.” February 1, 2019. https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/chinas-venezuela-headache/.
  23. Tobin, Liza. (2018). “Xi's Vision for Transforming Global Governance: A Strategic Challenge for Washington and Its Allies - Texas National Security Review.” Texas National Security Review 2 (1). https://tnsr.org/2018/11/xis-vision-for-transforming-global-governance-a-strategic-challenge-for-washington-and-its-allies/.
  24. Vasquez, Patricia I. (2018). "China, Oil, and Latin America: MYTH VS REALITY" https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/china-oil-and-latin-america-myth-vs-reality/.
  25. “Venezuela: Competing US, Russia Resolutions Fail to Pass in Security Council | UN News."(2019). https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/02/1033832.
  26. “Venezuela's Maduro Pays Tribute to giant Mao | Daily Mail Online.” (2018). https://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-6166951/Venezuelas-Maduro-seeks-deals-big-sister-China.html.
  27. Wang, Qiang, and Rongrong Li. (2016). “Sino-Venezuelan Oil-for-Loan Deal – the Chinese Strategic Gamble?” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 64 (October): 817–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2016.06.042.
  28. “Xi Jinping Attends General Debate of 70th Session of the UN General Assembly and Delivers Important Speech, Underlying to Inherit and Advocate Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter, Establish New Type of International Relations with Win-Win Cooperatio.” (2015). https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpdmgjxgsfwbcxlhgcl70znxlfh/t1304144.shtml
  29. Xu, Yanran. (2017). China’s Strategic Partnerships in Latin America Case: Case Studies of China’s Oil Diplomacy in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela, 1991–2015. London: Lexington Books
  30. Yellinek, Roie. (2017). “Might China Change Its Policy of Nonintervention? By Roie Yellinek.”
  31. Zhang, Denghua. (2018). “The Concept of Community of Common Destiny" in China's Diplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications.” Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 5 (2): 196–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.231