Main Article Content

Abstract

Seven years before ongoing Ukrainian refugee crisis, the Croatian politics and parliamentary election in 2015 was met by the Middle East refugee crisis. The former Government, despite organizational difficulties, helped an increasing number of migrants to continue their trip to their destinations in Western Europe. Most of the Croatian public supported the decisions by the former Government when it came to a peaceful resolution. The issue of the migrants who pass through Croatia, as well as the relation of Croatia with its neighbouring countries, were among the crucial topics of the election and helped the former unpopular government to avoid a heavier defeat. Croatia itself during the war in the early 1990s took care of hundreds of thousands of refugees, some of them from parts of Croatia and some from the neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since the beginning of the refugee crisis with migrants from the Middle East, almost 650,000 people passed through Croatia. This issue (a) crucially influenced the election outcome and the policies of the government and the opposition in Croatia; and (b) showed the strong linkage between conflicts and regional implications in neighbouring parts of the world (the Middle East and South-East Europe).

Keywords

Croatia Parliamentary Election European Migrant Crisis Conflicts Balkan Route the Middle East

Article Details

Author Biography

Boško Picula, University of Zagreb

Assistant professor at the Faculty of Political Science

References

  1. Alkopher, T. D. (2018). EU's Disunited Response to the 2015 Refugee Crisis: A View from the Perspective of the Psychological Theory of DID. Political Psychology, 39(6), 1389–1403.
  2. Andersen, R.R., Seibert, R.F., Wagner, J.G. (2011). Politics and change in the Middle East (10th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hal
  3. Baylis, J., Smith, S., Owens, P. (2020). The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. Brkovic, C, De Lauri, A., Hess, S. (2021). Grassroots responses to mass migration in Europe: Introduction. Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics 7(2), 1–12.
  5. Buonanno, L. (2017). The European Migration Crisis. In D. Dinan, N. Nugent, W. E. Patterson (Eds.), The European Union in Crisis (pp. 100-130). London: Palgrave Macmillan
  6. Cortright, D. (2008). Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  7. Dagi, D. (2018). EU's refugee crisis: from supra-nationalism to nationalism?. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 3(3), 9-19.
  8. Darby, J., MacGinty, R. (Ed.) (2003.) Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violenve and Peace Processes, Houndmills / New York: Palgrave Macmillan
  9. Dormer, R. (2017). The Impact of Constructivism on International Relations Theory: A History. Kwansei Gakuin University Social Sciences Review, 22(1) 14-23 .
  10. EDMONDA. (2018). Migrations’ Changing Scenario: The New Balkan Route and the European Union. Rivista Di Studi Politici Internazionali, Vol. 85, No. 2 (338), 2018, 189–206. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26540670
  11. Eurostat (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat)
  12. Fawcett, Louise (2005). International relations of the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  13. Federal Returning Officer (https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundeswahlleiter.html)
  14. Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization, London / New Delhi: SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks,
  15. Gaubatz, K. T. (1999). Elections and War. Stanford: Stanford University Press
  16. Glorius, B. (2018). Public opinion on immigration and refugees and patterns of politicisation:
  17. Evidence from the Eurobarometer. Chemnitz: Ceaseval Research on the Common European Asylum System (06).
  18. Guild, E., Costello, C., Garlick, M., Moreno-Lax, V. (2015). The 2015 Refugee Crisis in the European Union. CEPS Policy Brief, No. 332, September 2015, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies
  19. Hatton, T. (2020). European asylum policy before and after the migration crisis. IZA World of Labor 2020: 480
  20. Hermida del Llano, C. (2019). The Refugee crisis in the European Union. La Albolafia: Revista de Humanidadesy Cultura, No. 16, 2019, 135-147
  21. Johnston, J. (2018). The European Migrant Crisis: Psychology, Conflict, and Intergroup Relations. Barcelona: United Nations University
  22. Kaminski, J.J. (2019). Rethinking Realism and Constructivism Through the Lenses of Themes and Ontological Primacy. Croatian International Relations Review, 25 (85), 6-29.
  23. Karolewski, P. I., Benedikter, R. (2018). Europe's Refugee and Migrant Crises: Political responses to asymmetrical pressures. Politique europeenne, 2018/2 No 60, 98-132.
  24. Kasapovic, M. (2003). Izborni leksikon. Zagreb: Politicka kultura
  25. Kesetovic, Z., Ninkovic, V. (2018). Migrants, local fundamentalists and returnees along the Western Balkans Route. Annals of Disaster Risk Sciences, 1. (1.), 19-26.
  26. Lusa, D., Basic, F., Rukavina, B. (2018). European migration crisis: Political discourse, construction of stereotypes and securitisation of migrations at the university of Zagreb. Teorija in Praksa. 55. 388-418.
  27. Lynch, M. (2012). The Arab Uprising. New York: PublicAffairs
  28. Maldini, P., Takahashi, M. (2017). Refugee Crisis and the European Union: Do the Failed Migration and Asylum Policies Indicate a Political and Structural Crisis of European Integration?. Comunication Management Review, 2 (2017) 2, 54-72
  29. McAdam M, Otto L. (2022). Interests Under Construction: Views on Migration from the European Union’s Southern External Border. Political Studies. 2022; 70(2):348-366.
  30. Medlobi, M., Cepo, D. (2018). Stavovi korisnika drustvenih mreza o izbjeglicama i traziteljima azila: post festum tzv. izbjeglicke krize. Politicke perspektive, 8 (1-2), 41-69.
  31. Nohlen, D. (1992). Izborno pravo i stranacki sustav. Zagreb: Skolska knjiga
  32. Nye, J. S., Jr., Welch, D.A. (2013). Understanding Global Conflicts and Cooperation. New York: Pearson
  33. Oruc, N., Raza, S., Santic, D. (2020, March). The Western Balkan Migration Route (2015-2019). Analytical Report. Prague: Prague Process.
  34. Petersen, R. D. (2011). Western Intervention in the Balkans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  35. Pinfold, R. G., & Smith, M. L. R. (2019). Theorizing Territorial Withdrawal: The Need to Think Strategically. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1661083
  36. Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., Miall, H. (2005). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge i Malden: Polity Press
  37. Ruhrmann, H., FitzGerald, D. (2016). The Externalization of Europe's Borders in the Refugee Crisis, 2015-2016. San Diego: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies
  38. Reynolds, A., Reilly, B. (1997). The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design. Stockholm: International IDEA State Electoral Commission of the Republic of Croatia (https://www.izbori.hr)
  39. Stepka, M. (2022). Identifying Security Logics in the EU Policy Discourse: The "Migration Crisis" and the EU. IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93035-6
  40. UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency (https://www.unhcr.org)
  41. Von Hippel, Karin (2000). Democracy by Force. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  42. Vukadinovic, R. (2005). Teorije vanjske politike. Zagreb: Politicka kultura
  43. Wiener, A. (2007). Constructivist Approaches in International Relations Theory: Puzzles and Promises. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1939758
  44. Zehfuss, M. (2002). Constructivism in International Relations The politics of reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press